In this section, we hope to better clarify key terms and concepts in to help consumers and companies better understand the estate planning tools, the ramification of the guiding tax laws and the general principles of estate planning.
Estate planning is the process of accumulating and disposing of an estate to maximize the goals of the estate owner. The various goals of estate planning include making sure the greatest amount of the estate passes to the estate owner's intended beneficiaries, often including paying the least amount of taxes and avoiding or minimizing probate court involvement. Additional goals typically include providing for and designating guardians for minor children and planning for incapacity.
Estate Planning Tools
The tools involved in estate planning include the will, various types of trusts, beneficiary designations,
powers of appointment, various forms of property ownership(Joint tenancy with rights of survivorship,
tenancy in common, tenancy by the entirety, etc), gifting, and powers of attorney, specifically the
durable financial power of attorney and the durable medical power of attorney. After widespread litigation
and media coverage surrounding the Terri Schiavo case, virtually all estate planning attorneys now advise
their clients to also create a living will. Note that many people (and even some attorneys) confuse a
living will with a durable medical power of attorney. The former controls solely those decisions that must
be made at the end of the patient's life, while the latter is used to give decision-making authority to
someone else (usually a family member or close friend). This person, the attorney-in-fact, then makes all
medical decisions leading up to the person's death, but has no such power to make end of life decisions
for the patient. Those decisions are made by the patient in the living will; in the absence of a living
will, and where the patient is incapable of making end-of-life decisions for him or herself, such choices
are left to family members.
Remainder Interests
The tax code allows wealthy people to set up charitable remainder trusts and set up qualified personal
residence trusts to own their personal residence yet leave it to their children without estate tax.
Taxes
Because the United States tax code does not tax life insurance proceeds as income, a life insurance trust
could be used to pay estate taxes. However, if the decedent holds any incidents of ownership like the
ability to remove or change beneficiary, the proceeds will remain in his estate. For this reason, the
trust vehicle is used to own the life insurance policy and it must be irrevocable to avoid inclusion in
the estate.
